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Temperature-responsive polymer
Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit a drastic and discontinuous change of their physical properties with temperature.〔Allan S. Hoffman, ''"Intelligent" Polymers in Medicine and Biotechnology'', Artificial Organs, 1995, Volume 19, pp 458–467.〕 The term is commonly used when the property concerned is solubility in a given solvent, but it may also be used when other properties are affected. Thermoresponsive polymers belong to the class of stimuli-responsive materials, in contrast to temperature-sensitive (for short, thermosensitive) materials, which change their properties continuously with environmental conditions.
In a stricter sense, thermoresponsive polymers display a miscibility gap in their temperature-composition diagram. Depending on whether the miscibility gap is found at high or low temperatures, an upper or lower critical solution temperature exists, respectively (abbreviated UCST or LCST).
Research mainly focuses on polymers that show thermoresponsivity in aqueous solution. Promising areas of application are tissue engineering, liquid chromatography, drug delivery〔〔A. K. Bajpai, Sandeep K. Shukla, Smitha Bhanu, Sanjana Kankane, ''Responsive polymers in controlled drug delivery'', Progress in Polymer Science, 2008, Volume 33, pp 1088-1118.〕 and bioseparation.〔Igor Galaev, Bo Mattiasson, ''Smart Polymers for Bioseparation and Bioprocessing'', CRC Press, 2001, ISBN 9780415267984.〕 Only a few commercial applications exist, for example, cell culture plates coated with an LCST-polymer.
==History==
The effects of external stimuli on particular polymers were investigated in the 1960s by Heskins and Guillet. They established 32°C as the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for PNIPAAm.
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